overview
opinions
audiences
consumers
questions
chronology |
chronology
This page highlights landmarks in opinion polling and
audience measurement.
It covers -
prehistory
1532 Petty publishes first weekly data on deaths in
London
1662 Graunt's demographic study based on London bills
of mortality
1763 Bayes' An essay towards solving a problem in
the Doctrine of Chances
1812 Laplace's Théorie analytique des probabilités
1824 first recorded US 'straw polls'
1834 Statistical Society of London founded
1837 General Register Office established in UK
1839 creation of American Statistical Association
1841 first modern household census in UK
1848 Adolphe Quetelet publishes "average man"
concept
1851 Henry Mayhew's London Labour & the London
Poor
1856 W S Jevons' Survey of Sydney
1889 Charles Booth's "arithmetic of woe" in
Labour and Life of the People
1895 Jane Addams' Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation
of
Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago
1901 Seebohm Rowntree's Poverty: A Study of Town Life
1902 Charles Booth's The Life & Labour of the
People in London
1910 Yule's An introduction to the theory of statistics
beginnings
1913 Bowley's UK Livelihood & Poverty sample-based
social survey
1914 US advertisers, advertising agencies and publishers
form Audit Bureau of Circulations
1923 Arthur Charles Nielsen Sr founds AC Nielsen Company
1929 Katharine Davis' Factors in The Sex Life of Twenty
Two Hundred Women
1931 UK Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) established
1931 Percival White's Marketing Research Technique
1932 Australian Audit Bureau of Circulations established
1933 Elmer Roper & Associates founded in US
1933 first SD (and SOPADE) reports on 'mood' of German
population
1935 George Gallup founds American Institute of Public
Opinion
1935 Gallup & Rae's The Pulse of Democracy: the
public opinion poll & how it works
1936 BBC Listener Research Department established
1936 Literary Digest US presidential election
forecast fiasco
1936 Roper & Crossley poll for Fortune magazine
1936 Harris Poll founded
1937 Public Opinion Quarterly journal launched
by Princeton University
1937 Henry Dunant founds British Institute of Public Opinion
in UK
1937 Lazarsfeld, Cantril, Adorno, Allport & Stanton
collaborate on Rockefeller-funded Radio Project in US
1937 Harrisson, Jennings & Madge found Mass-Observation
in UK
1938 Opinion Research Corporation (ORC) founded in US
1938 Cantril's The War of the Worlds study
1939 Rensis Likert begins polling for US Department of
Agriculture
1940 Hadley Cantril founds Office of Public Opinion Research
at Princeton University
1941 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) founded
1941 launch of Morgan Gallup Poll in Australia
1941 Likert establishes Survey Research Center
automation
1942 Nielsen introduces audimeter
1944 Cantril's Gauging Public Opinion
1946 Lloyd Warner founds Social Research Inc (SRI)
1946 Lazarsfeld founds Bureau of Applied Social Researrch
at Columbia University
1947 American Association for Public Opinion Research
(AAPOR) founded
1947 World Association of Public Opinion Research founded
1948 polls forecast Dewey victory in US presidential election
1948 US Social Science Research Council study following
Truman-Dewey forecasting brouhaha
1948 Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behaviour in the Human
Male
1948 European Society for Opinion & Marketing Research
(ESOMAR) founded
1949 Stouffer's The American Soldier
1949 Mass-Observation's 'Little Kinsey' study in UK
1953 Politz' A Study of Four Media: Their Accumulative
& Repeat Audiences
1957 National Opinion Polls (NOP) founded
1957 Vance Packard's The Hidden Persuaders
god is in the numbers?
1957 Australian Circulations Audit Board (CAB) formed
by Australian Association of National Advertisers
1961 General Analytics Corporation (later Claritas) founded
1963 US Congressional committee on broadcast ratings ('Harris
Committee')
1963 International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations
(IFABC) founded
1964 US Broadcast Rating Council (BRC) founded
1964 International Data Corporation (IDC)
founded
1967 BRC becomes Media Rating Council
1969 MORI founded in UK
1969 US National Council on Public Polls (NCPP) founded
1971 IBIS Research Services founded
1975 Ipsos founded
1976 Shere Hite's The Hite Report on Female Sexuality
1984 ACNielsen acquired by Dun
& Bradstreet
1985 Newspoll founded in Australia
1986 Jupiter Communications founded
1987 Nielsen introduces PeopleMeter
1987 Roy Morgan and Dun & Bradstreet joint venture
in AC Nielsen (Australia) Pty Ltd
1991 Roy Morgan sells stake in AC Nielsen (Australia)
1994 Edward Laumann's The Social Organization of Sexuality
1995 EU Data Protection Directive
1995 Market Research Quality Assurance Inc (MRQA) established
in Australia
1996 Media Metrix launched as PC Meter
1996 ACNielsen spun off by Dun & Bradstreet
1996 Gannett
sells Louis Harris and Associates
1996 ABC Electronic established as new media arm of UK
ABC for electronic media audits
1998 Cognizant becomes Nielsen Media Research
1999 Media Metrix buys AdRelevance
1999 Roy Morgan Internet Monitor established as partnership
between Morgan and PC Data
2000 Media Metrix and Jupiter Communications merge
2000 YouGov founded in UK
2000 Ipsos merges with Angus Reid as Ipsos Reid
2001 VNU
buys Nielsen//NetRatings
'do not call' registers and beyond
2001 Australian federal Privacy Act extended to private
sector
2002 VNU buys AdRelevance after takeover of Jupiter Media
Metrix is forbidden
2003 US Do Not Call Registry
2003 introduction of Morgan 'Worm'
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