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studies
This page highlights studies regarding the evolution of
cartography and the emergence of GIS.
It covers -
Works
on border politics, conceptualisation and policing are
highlighted here.
introduction
The outstanding historical account of cartography is the
multivolume The History of Cartography (Chicago:
Uni of Chicago Press) edited by J. Brian Harley &
David Woodward. Volumes available to date are Vol 1 Cartography
in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean,
Vol 2 (1) Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and
South Asian Societies, Vol 2 (2) Cartography
in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies
and Vol 2 (3) Cartography in the Traditional African,
American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies.
There is a more concise account in Paul Harvey's The
History of Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures &
Surveys (London: Thames & Hudson 1980), Harley's
The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni Press 2001), Tales From
the Map Room: Fact and Fiction About Maps and Their Makers
(London: BBC Books 1993) by Peter Barber & Christopher
Board and The Power of Maps (New York: Guilford
Press 1992) by Denis Wood & John Fels.
Cognitive aspects are considered in Alan MacEachren's
How Maps Work: Representation, Visualization, Design
(New York: Guilford 1995), Arthur Robinson & Barbara
Petchenik's The Nature of Maps (Chicago: Uni
of Chicago Press 1976), Concepts in the History of
Cartography: a Review and Perspective (Toronto: Uni
of Toronto Press 1980) by Blakemore & Harley, Maps,
a Visual Survey and Design Guide (Boston: Little,
Brown 1982) by Michael & Susan Southworth, Elements
of Cartography (New York: Wiley 1995) by Arthur Robinson
and works by Edward Tufte such as The Visual Display
of Quantitative Information noted elsewhere on this
site.
Naming is claiming
Jeremy Black's Maps & Politics (London: Reaktion
1997) and Mark Monmonier's How to Lie with
Maps (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 1996). The latter's
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the
Mercator Projection (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press
2004) is persuasive.
For a broader theoretical view see Mappings (London:
Reaktion Books 1999) edited by Denis Cosgrove and his
Apollo's Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth
in the Western Imagination (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Uni Press 2001) and Representing Place: Landscape
Painting and Maps (Minneapolis: Uni of Minnesota
Press 2002) by Edward Casey.
histories
A point of entry is the luscious Cartographica Extraordinaire:
The Historical Map Transformed (Redlands: Esri Press
2001) by David Rumsey & Edith Punt
Among collections of reproductions see A History of
Cartography: 2500 Years of Maps and Mapmakers (London:
Thames & Hudson 1969) by Charles Bricker, The
Mapmaker's Art: a History of Cartography (London:
Studio Editions 1993) by John Goss, Early Maps
(New York: Abbeville 1981) by Tony Campbell, The Sea
Chart: An Historical Survey Based on the Collections in
the National Maritime Museum (Newton Abbot: David
& Charles 1973) by Derek Howse & Michael Sanderson
and Sea Charts of the Early Explorers: 13th to 17th
Century (New York: Thames & Hudson 1984) by Michel
Mollat & Monique de La Ronciere.
For meteorology see in particular Mark Monmonier's Air
Apparent: How Metorologists Learned to Map, Predict and
Dramatize Weather (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press
1999) and Katharine Anderson's Predicting the Weather:
Victorians and the Science of Meteorology (Chicago:
Uni of Chicago Press 2005). Harvey's The History of
Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures & Surveys (London:
Thames & Hudson 1980) is outstanding
epochs
The major work on early mapping in Europe OA Dilke's Greek
and Roman Maps (Ithaca: Cornell Uni Press 1985) and
Harvey's Medieval Maps (Toronto: Uni of Toronto
Press 1991). Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation
of the Theoretical Chapters (Princeton University
Press, 2000) by J. Lennart Berggren & Alexander Jones
is invaluable.
For the renaissance insights are offered by Alfred Crosby's
The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western
Society, 1250-1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press
1997), Jerry Brotton's Trading Territories: Mapping
in the early modern world (London: Reaktion 1997),
Frank Lestringant's Mapping the Renaissance World:
The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery
(Berkeley: Uni of California Press 1994), David Buisseret's
The Mapmaker's Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance
Europe (Oxford: Oxford Uni Press 2003) and Francesca
Fiorani's The Marvel of Maps: Art, Cartography and
Politics in Renaissance Italy (New Haven: Yale Uni
Press 2005). A Mapmaker's Dream (London: Sceptre
1996) by James Cowan covers the story of Fra Mauro.
Views of cartography and conceptualisation in the colonial
Americas are provided in Ricardo Padrón's The
Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature and Empire in Early
Modern Spain (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 2004),
Mapping Colonial Spanish America (Lewisburg:
Bucknell Uni Press 2002) edited by Santa Arias & Mariselle
Meléndez and the more diffuse Cartographic
Mexico: A History of State Fixations & Fugitive Landscapes
( Durham: Duke Uni Press 2004) by Raymond Craib.
For India see Ian Barrow's Making History, Drawing
Territory: British Mapping in India, c.1765-1905
(New Delhi: Oxford Uni Press 2003), Bernard Cohn's Colonialism
and Its Forms of Knowledge: The
British in India (Princeton: Princeton Uni Press
1996) and Matthew Edney's Mapping an Empire: The Geographical
Construction of British India, 1765-1843 (Chicago:
Uni of Chicago Press 1997).
genres
Arthur Robinson’s Early Thematic Mapping in
the History of Cartography (Chicago: Uni of Chicago
Press 1982) offers a point of entry. The development of
the atlas is discussed in James Akerman's 1991 Penn State
dissertation On the Shoulders of a Titan: Viewing
the World of the Past in Atlas Structure and in The
Atlas of Atlases: the Map Maker's Vision of the World
(New York: Abrams 1992) by Phillip Allen
Images of past urban maps feature in Cities of the
World: A History in Maps (London: British Library
2005) by Peter Whitfield. The 'A-Z' maps developed by
Phyllis Pearsall are described in Mrs P's Journey
(London: Simon & Schuster 2001) by Sarah Hartley.
There is a richer haul in The City in Maps: Urban
Mapping to 1900 - an Exhibition in the Map Gallery, British
Library (London: British Library 1987) by James Elliot
For geologist William Smith and his successors there is
a serviceable introduction in The Map That Changed
the World (London: Penguin Viking 2001) by Simon
Winchester. Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination and
the Birth of a World (London: Fourth Estate 2002)
by Oliver Morton is suggestive.
For the articulation of risk and disaster planning see
in particular Mark Monmonier's Cartographies of Danger
(Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 1997)
Infrastructure mapping is explored in works such as Railroad
Maps of North America: the First Hundred Years (Washington:
Library of Congress 1984) by Andrew Modelski
technologies
For an introduction to technologies and issues see Mark
Monmonier's Spying with Maps: Surveillance Technologies
and the Future of Privacy (Chicago: Uni of Chicago
Press 2002), George Elmer's Profiling machines: Mapping
the personal information economy (Cambridge: MIT
Press 2004), the 2005 Neighbourhoods on the Net: The
nature and impact of internet-based neighbourhood information
systems (PDF)
report by Roger Burrows, Nick Ellison & Brian Woods and
'Internet-based Neighbourhood Information Systems: A Comparative
Analysis' by Krouk, Pitkin & Richman in Community
Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and
Communication Technologies (Hershey: Idea 2000) edited
by Michael Gurstein and the 1995 RAND The Global Positioning
System: Assessing National Policies report.
For geodemographics and geocoding see in particular Michael
Curry's intelligent Digital places: Living with Geographic
Information Technologies (London: Routledge 1998).
For us it is more impressive than Michael Weiss' The
Clustering of America: How We Live, What We Buy, and What
It All Means about Who We Are (New York: Harper &
Row 1989) and The Clustered World (Boston: Little
Brown 2000).
Geospatial Information System technologies and applications
are discussed in Nicholas Chrisman's Exploring Geographic
Information Systems (New York: Wiley 1997), Understanding
Place: GIS and Mapping Across the Curriculum (Redlands:
ESRI Press 2007) edited by Diana Sinton & Jennifer
Lund and Geographical Information Systems: Principles,
Techniques, Applications & Management (New York:
Wiley 1999) edited by Paul Longley, Michael Goodchild,
David Maguire & David Rhind.
For privacy, intellectual property and other concerns
see Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic
Information Systems (New York: Guilford 1997) edited
by John Pickles, Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic
Applications (London: Routledge 1996) by David Martin,
Sharing Geographic Information Systems (New Brunswick:
Center for Urban Policy Research 1995) edited by Harlan
Onsrud, Surveillance & social sorting: Privacy,
risk and digital discrimination (London: Routledge
2003) by David Lyon and the 1996 paper GIS & Society:
The Social Implications of How People, Space and Environment
Are Represented in GIS (PDF)
by Trevor Harris & Daniel Weiner.
commerce and criminality
Mary Pedley's The Commerce of Cartography: Making
& Marketing Maps in Eighteenth-Century France and
England (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 2005), Walter
Ristow's American Maps and Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography
in the Nineteenth Century (Detroit: Wayne State Uni
Press 1985)
For the interaction of printing technology and mapmaking
see in particular David Woodward's Five Centuries
of Map-Printing (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 1975)
and Monmonier’s Technological Transition in
Cartography (Madison: Uni of Wisconsin Press 1985).
Ironically, early maps, having been instrumental in what
Max Weber characterized as the disenchantment of modern
life, are now a consumer fetish and a window into a magical
past of potentates, sea monsters and terra incognita.
For the roots of the collecting
impulse two excellent starting points are Collecting:
An Unruly Passion - Psychological Perspectives (Princeton:
Princeton Uni Press 1994) by Werner Muensterberger and
The Cultures of Collecting (Melbourne: Melbourne
Uni Press 1994) edited by John Elsner & Roger Cardinal.
For theft and the trade in stolen maps see The Island
of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime
(New York: Random 2000) by Miles Harvey.
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