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landmarks
This
page highlights some landmarks in international and national
legislation regarding the protection and repatriation of cultural
heritage.
It covers -
Context
is provided by the broader communications timeline elsewhere
on the site.
beginnings
1648 Treaty of Westphalia
1801 British army seizes Rosetta Stone from French expedition
in Egypt
1815 repatriation of German and Italian seizures from Louvre
1816 Lord Elgin receives £35,000 for Elgin Marbles from
Parthenon
1849 British gain Koh-i-noor diamond (later claimed by Iran,
Pakistan, India and Sikh community) from Lahore treasury
1849 British gain Sikh throne of Amritsar
1897 British navy seizes Benin bronzes
1899 International Convention with Respect to the Law &
Customs of War by Land
1907 Hague Convention Respecting the Laws & Customs of
War on Land
1907 Aurel Stein removes manuscripts from Dunhuang caves
1911 theft of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa from
Louvre
1943 Inter-Allied Declaration against Acts of Dispossession
committed in Territories under Enemy Occupation & Control
1950 Scottish nationalists take Stone of Scone
1954 Hague Convention
1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property
in the Event of Armed Conflict and first Protocol
1956 UNESCO Recommendation on International Principles
Applicable to Archaelogical Excavations (New Delhi)
1961 theft of Goya's Portrait of the Duke of Wellington
1962 New Zealand Historic Articles Act 1962
1962 Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology
returns objects to the Kabaka of Uganda
1964 Menzel v List in US
1964 Victoria & Albert Museum returns Mandalay regalia
to Burma
1969 theft of Caravaggio's The Adoration of the Shepherds
with Saints Lawrence & Francis
1969 European Convention on the Protection of Archaeoogical
Heritage
1970 and 1972 UNESCO Conventions
1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting &
Preventing the Illicit Import, Export & Transfer of Ownership
of Cultural Property
(Paris)
1971 Denmark returns 'Magnusson' manuscripts to Iceland
1972 Australia signs International Covenant on Civil &
Political Rights (ICCPR)
1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Cultural & Natural Heritage
1974 United States v Hollinshead - first case in
which US National Stolen Property Act (NSPA) applied to theft
of cultural property
1974 Apamea mosaic returned to Syria by Newark Museum
1974 US Archaeological & Historical Preservation Act
of 1974 (AHPA)
1975 New Zealand Antiquities Act 1975
1975 Canadian Cultural Property Export & Import Act
1976 UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the International
Exchange of Cultural Property (Nairobi)
1976 UK rejects Pakistan request for Koh-i-noor diamond
1977 United States v McClain
1978 theft of Cézanne's Bouteille et Fruits
and other works from Bakwin collection in Stockbridge
1978 UNESCO Recommendation for the Protection of Movable
Property (Paris)
1978 New Zealand government fails to gain possession of Taranaki
Panels (excavated 1972)
1978 theft of three Cézannes from Art Institute of
Chicago
1978 US government returns St Stephen regalia to Hungary
1981 Wellcome Museum returns Himyarite collection to Yemen
1982 British Museum of Natural History returns proconsul africanus
skull to Kenya
1982 UNESCO Recommendation of the World Conference on
Cultural Policies (Mexico)
1983 US Cultural Property Implementation Act of 1983
(CPIA)
1986 Australian Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage
Act 1986
1986 theft of Jan Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter
With Her Maid from Beit Collection, Russborough House
1988 English High Court awards ownership of Pathur Sivapuram
Nataraja (illegally exported from India in 1976) to Tamil
Nadu temple
1990 Republic of Turkey v Metropolitan Museum of Art
1990 theft of a Vermeer, three Rembrandts and a Manet from
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston
1990 US Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation
Act of 1990
1990 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus v Goldberg
& Feldman Fine Arts (Kanakaria mosaics case)
1991 United Nations Draft Declaration of the Rights of
the World's Indigenous Peoples
1991 establishment of the Art Loss Register
1993 theft of Braque's Still Life from the Modern
Museum in Stockholm
1993 Mana Tangata Mataatua Declaration
1993 EC Council Directive on the Return of Cultural Objects
Unlawfully Removed from the Territory of a Member State
1994 Republic of Lebanon v Sotheby's
1994 theft of JMW Turner's Shade & Darkness and
Light & Colour
UNIDROIT
1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported
Cultural Objects
1995 theft of Titian's Rest on the Flight into Egypt
from Longleat House
1996 Stone of Scone returned to Scotland
1998 Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated
Art
1999 Turkish Government recovers Elmali coin hoard
1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for
the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed
Conflict
1999 Phra Narai Lintel returned by the Chicago Museum of Art
2000 Vilnius Forum Declaration
2001 smash-and-grab theft of paintings from Beit Collection
2003 UNESCO Declaration
2003 UNESCO Declaration Concerning the International Destruction
of Cultural Heritage
2003 looting of the Iraqi National Museum
2003 International Convention for the Safeguarding of
the Intangible Cultural Heritage
2003 theft of Leonardo da Vinci Madonna with the Yarnwinder
was from Drumlanrig Castle
2003 theft of Benevuto Cellini 'Saliera' from Art History
Museum, Vienna
2004 theft of Edvard Munch's The Scream and Madonna
from Munch Museum in Oslo
2005 Axum obelisk returned to Ethiopia
2006 arbitration court rules that five Gustav Klimt paintings
in Austrian National Gallery must be returned to Maria Altmann
2006 Metropolitan Museum of Art agrees to return Euphronios
krater and Morgantina collection of Hellenistic silver to
Italy
2006 Dutch government agrees to return 202 paintings from
Goudstikker collection
2006 Grunwald heirs recover Egon Schiele's 1914 Wilted
Sunflowers, seized by Nazis
2006 Swedish Museum of Ethnography returns Haisla totem pole
to Kitamaat, British Columbia
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