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studies of ANPR
This page points to studies about use and misuse of ANPR
technology in Australia and elsewhere.
It covers -
introduction
There
has been no major work offering non-specialist readers
a comprehensive view of the technical basis of automatic
number plate recognition systems, the use (or misuse)
of that data on a day by day basis, legal frameworks and
civil society concerns.
Overall the non-IT literature is thin, with much of the
detailed discussion being restricted to official reports
and treatment in works on pervasive surveillance or the
'smart city' often occurring in passing rather than as
a discrete detailed evaluation.
That may remain the case, given creeping adoption of ANPR
and use by government rather than the private sector,
with consumer angst instead focusing on vehicle RFID schemes
and mining of data from public/private CCTV networks.
sorting
In
the interim pointers to literature on privacy aspects
of ANPR and CCTV are here
and here.
For ANPR as part of 'intelligent environments' see Terrorism,
Risk and the City: The Making of a Contemporary Urban
Landscape (Aldershot: Ashgate 2003) by Jon Coaffee,
GIS & Crime Mapping (New York: Wiley 2005)
by Spencer Chainey & Jerry Ratcliffe, Ground Truth:
The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems
(New York: Guilford 1997) edited by John Pickles, Geographic
Information Science: Mastering the Legal Issues (Milton:
Wiley 2005) by George Cho and Intelligent Environments:
Spatial Aspects of the Information Revolution (Amsterdam:
North Holland 1997) edited by Peter Droege. Other works
on GIS are here.
Studies on law enforcement and privacy aspects include
Benjamin Goold's CCTV and Policing: Public Area Surveillance
and Police Practices in Britain (Oxford: Clarendon
Press 2004), Surveillance and Security: Technological
Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge
2006) edited by Torin Monahan, Theorizing Surveillance:
The Panopticon And Beyond (Cullompton: Willan 2006)
edited by David Lyon and The New Politics of Surveillance
and Visibility (Toronto: Uni of Toronto Press 2006)
edited by Kevin Haggerty & Richard Ericson. A brief
view of UK developments is provided in 'Road watch (Automatic
number plate recognition system)' by C. Evans-Pughe in
1 Engineering & Technology 4 (2006), 36-39.
It is complemented by J Malenstein's 'Status of European
Efforts on Digital Enforcement, Using ITS and Future Trends'
(PDF).
congestion charging
For use of ANPR in congestion charging in urban centres
see Jonathan Leape's 2006 'The London Congestion Charge'
in 20 Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, Stephen
Ison's Road User Charging: Issues And Policies
(Aldershot: Ashgate 2004) and Georgina Santos' Road
Pricing, Volume 9: Theory and Evidence (Research in Transportation
Economics) (London: JAI Press 2001).
technology
For non-specialists much of the the technical literature
is dauntingly hermetic, concerned with pattern recognition
and systems integration.
Points of entry include Vladimir Shapiro, Georgi Gluhchev
& Dimo Dimov's 2006 'Towards a Multinational Car License
Plate Recognition System' in 17 Machine Vision &
Applications 3; Hsi-Jian Lee, Si-Yuan Chen &
Shen-Zheng Wang's 2004 'Extraction and recognition of
license plates of motorcycles and vehicles on highways'
in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference
on Pattern Recognition and C Anagnostopoulos, I Anagnostopoulos,
V Loumos & E Kayafas' 2004 'A License Plate-Recognition
Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System Applications'
in 7 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
Systems 3.
law
As
mentioned earlier in this note
there is little case law and statute law specific to ANPR
regimes.
Most of the case law and academic literature concerns
-
- traditional
administration of vehicle licensing (eg penalities for
obscured or absent plates)
-
questions such as free speech (eg the legality of requirements
that African-Americans and other people in some US states
use plates that feature a Confederate flag or monstrosities
such as the personalised Zyklon
B plate)
- the
use of conventional speed cameras.
Academic literature on ANPR and privacy includes Dorothy
Glancy's 2004 'Privacy on the Open Road' in 30 Ohio
Northern University Law Review 295, Christopher Slobogin's
2002 'Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places
and the Right To Anonymity' in 72 Mississippi Law
Journal 213, Marc Blitz's 2004 'Video Surveillance
and the Constitution of Public Space: Fitting The Fourth
Amendment To A World That Tracks Image And Identity' in
82 Texas Law Review 1349 and the provocative
2006 'How's My Driving? For Everyone (And Everything?)'
by Lior Strahilevitz in 81 New York University Law
Review 1699.
Insights regarding imaging, profiling and radar guns in
the US are provided in Thomas Stanek's 1998 'Photo Radar
in Arizona: Is It Constitutional?' in 30 Arizona State
Law Journal 1209-42 and Darlene Cedrés' 1997
'Mobile Data Terminals and Random License Plate Checks:
The Need For Uniform Guidelines and a Reasonable Suspicion
Requirement' in 23 Rutgers Computer & Technology
Law Journal 391. Fred Simpson's 2006 'Never Obscure
Your Own 'Starry Night'' in 44 Houston Lawyer
49 notes recent debate about obscuring plates
Works on Australian vehicle registration, speed and other
requirements include Malcolm Britts' Traffic Law (NSW)
(Pyrmont: LawBook 2005).
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